United States · Textile / Weaving

Diné (Navajo) Upright-Loom Rug Weaving

Atłʼỳó (Diné term for weaving)

Weft-faced tapestry weaving on a vertical, frameless loom, producing the geometric rugs and blankets that are the Navajo Nation's best-known textile art, still passed mother to daughter within extended families.

Risk level: Vulnerable · Not Applicable — the United States is not a State Party to the UNESCO 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage; no US technique can be formally ICH-inscribed regardless of significance.

Alternate Names
Navajo rug weaving; Navajo blanket weaving
Geographic Center
Navajo Nation, Four Corners region — Arizona, New Mexico, Utah
Community / Ethnic Group
Diné (Navajo)
Estimated Origin
Adapted from Pueblo weaving traditions after Diné settlement in the Southwest, ca. 17th century; matured into a distinct regional art by the mid-19th century
Cultural Function
Domestic economy, ceremonial use (Navajo wedding baskets and weavings figure in ceremony), and a central expression of Diné identity tied to the Spider Woman origin narrative
Primary Materials
Churro or commercial wool, hand-spun into yarn
Primary Tools
Vertical wooden loom (often built by a male family member), wooden batten, weaving comb, hand spindle
Process Overview
Warp is strung and tensioned on the loom; weft is woven in weft-faced plain weave, entirely covering the warp, building the pattern row by row from the bottom
Traditional Applications
Blankets, rugs, ceremonial textiles, wearing blankets historically used as chief's blankets
Contemporary Applications
Fine-art gallery and museum pieces, interior design textiles, wall hangings
Notable Practitioners
Lynda Teller Pete and Barbara Teller Ornelas (Two Grey Hills weaving family; co-authors of the first how-to weaving guide written by Diné weavers)
Key References
Bard Graduate Center, 'Shaped by the Loom' exhibition; Teller Pete & Teller Ornelas, 'How to Weave a Navajo Rug and Other Lessons from Spider Woman' (2020); Smithsonian NMAI, 'Woven by the Grandmothers'
Verification Status
Desk-Researched

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